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Analysis Of The Poem The Blacker The Berry And ...

To many Kendrick Lamar is just another west coast rapper; and to a diehard group of fans he is the king of west coast rap. But on the night of the 2016 Grammy awards, as he limped on stage, chained to his backup dancers, Kendrick suddenly became more than just a rapper. His six minute performance of â€Å"The Blacker the Berry† and â€Å"Alright† from his hit album To Pimp a Butterfly was captivating, electrifying and so powerful it had him trending on Twitter for days to follow. This reaction was the result of shock and praise as mainstream America was introduced to the unapologetic blackness of Kendrick’s art. Broadcasted on a network television station, the awards show presented the perfect platform and opportunity for Kendrick to reach out to beyond his usual fan-base. As all great artists do, Kendrick realized the rarity of the chance he was given and how he could use the moment to do more than just display his talents as a rapper. His performance gloried in its afrocentrism, with its medley of hip-hop, jazz, traditional African costumes and dance. But the message in the lyrics Kendrick rapped, spoke of a uniquely American issue: the high rates of police brutality against black men in the United States. One thing that is true is that rap music has a negative reputation among the mainstream audience because of its heavy references to gang violence, drugs, money, misogyny, sex, etc. Another truth is that rap music has been historically considered a large part of black culture.

Analysis Of ComfortDelGro Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of ComfortDelGro Company Answer: Introduction ComfortDelGro was formed in 2003 by a merger of two businesses the Comfort Group and the DelGro Corporation. The two companies had been in operation since the 1970s at the time they merged. ComfortDelGro is one of the leading land transporter dealers in Singapore, and even in the entire world. The company has gained a global presence through its provision of services to many different countries of the world, and now has many workforces distributed across the globe. When Comfort Group and DelGrop Corporation came together, they formed a robust country that gave the organization a significant local and global market. Therefore, the company operates at an international level. ComfortDelGro deals in the land transport industry and has offered a variety of services in this sector. The organization runs the business in taxi services, car rental and leasing service and bus services. Further, the company offers automotive engineering services, insurance broking, vehicle inspection and testing and outdoor services. The company provides these services in its seven countries that have branches in many other nations. Currently, it has over 44000 vehicles in its business network. The company competes for other international organizations in the industry (ComfortDelGro Corporation Limited, n.d.). Some of the competitors of ComfortDelGro include AZ Logistic, The Prestige Company and DB Schenker Croatia among many others. PESTEL Analysis for ComfortDelGro PESTEL is an abbreviation of Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors. PESTEL is a tool used to analyze the environmental factors for business. The tool is essential in unveiling relevant information to determine the state of the organization thus helping in management decision-making. Political The political factors affect ComfortDelGro Grow in many different ways. Firstly, the government of Singapore encourages its people to use public transport to reduce congestion on roads, thus helping ComfortDelGro to its customer base. The monopolization of the transport sector in Singapore has also had an impact on the operation of this company. Besides, the fact the government of Singapore does not monopolize the transport sector gives ComfortDelGro an advantage (OECD, 2010). Also, the government has made the industry to be open for competition. There are no restrictions on what can be done by the players for their competitive advantage (Adam, Wim Micheline, 2011), thus, influencing the operation of ComfortDelGro in both positive and negative ways. Therefore, these factors are important and have impacts on the functioning of this organization. Economic The economy of Singapore has grown fast for the past two years. It experienced a 1.9 per cent growth in the economy, and 2.0 per cent in 2016. This has effects on the operation and state of ComfortDelGro and the general service industry (Channel News Asia, 2009). The growing economy of Singapore has increased the human traffic thus, affecting the transport industry, there is increased people's trips per day and thus, increased ridership (Gilsoo, 2010). The prevailing peace and stable government of Singapore have attracted many tourists and other foreigners who increase the need for transport in the country. Therefore, the growth in economies of various countries has greatly boosted the transport industry thus, affecting the operation of ComfortDelGro. Social The social factors of the market areas of operation have impacts on ComfortDelGro. Singapore and many countries have experienced a growth in their population. The increase in the population brings an impact on the operation of ComfortDelGro (Land Transport Authority, 2014). Currently, the society is making attempts to embrace green environment which has made people to adopt lifestyle practices that have little impact on the environment. Ethnic Population Chineese 74.2% Malay 13.3% Indian 9.2% Others 3.3% The lifestyle practices that contribute to a green environment include reduction of carbon in the air among others (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2010). This has made many people choose public transport as a way to reduce emissions to the environment, thus affecting ComfortDelGro. Technological There are various aspects of technological presence and availability that ComfortDelGro should consider to gain a competitive edge. The company should embrace the social media technology which is one key aspects in attaining a competitive advantage. The company should effectively integrate social media in its business to reach many customers (Grant, Hackney, Edgar, 2010). The company should also adopt different types of technology platforms in its business for the convenience of clients interacting with the company. Additionally, there are also new trending technologies that ComfortDelGro should embrace, such as the use of GPRS among others. Therefore, these technologies affects ComfortDelGro in many ways and their adoption will help the organization gain a competitive advantage over others in the industry. Environmental The dominant environmental factors with the business market of ComfortDelGro has effects on its success. Singapore has a considerably large area occupied by the roads. Additionally, Singapore is among the smallest countries in the world. These factors have caused an increase in the need for transport. Again, the roads are still expanding (Parmar, 2014). This affects the transport sector thus, also impacting on the operation of ComfortDelGro. Besides, the climatic conditions in the areas of operation of ComfortDelGro have affected its business. Legal The legal factors are the rules and laws of the market environment. Most the legal factors within the countries of operation ComfortDelGro has hit it different ways, thus, the company needs to embrace the right legal factors for its effectiveness. Some of these aspects include its compliance to the countys regulation to manpower, safety, transport operator requirements among many others. (UNESCO-UIS, 2010). The organization needs to identify all the key legal factors in the country and ensure that it works within them. Therefore, the success of ComfortDelGro is influenced by the legal factors. ComfortDelGro Porter's Five Forces The Porter's Five Forces are important is establishing the market environment of ComfortDelGro. The forces are the bargaining power of the suppliers, the possibility of the new entrants in the market, the bargaining power of the customers, the possibility of new substitute products or services and the competition in the market industry (Friday, 2007). The Bargaining Power of Suppliers The threat level of the bargaining power of suppliers to ComfortDelGro is low. Some of the suppliers of ComfortDelGro include the capture the vehicle manufacturers, the fuel oil providers and many others. Regarding the vehicle suppliers, ComfortDelGro has a lot of bargaining power of them. As buyers, many vehicle sellers will always seek them to buy their cars. ComfortDelGro has the freedom to switch from one supplier to the other, thus, more bargaining power (Sapuan, 2007). On the other hand, ComfortDelGro has little bargaining power over other vendors such as those for fuel. This is an essential commodity that denies ComfortDelGro a competitive power. Therefore, different suppliers have different effects on the business of ComfortDelGro. The Bargaining Power of the Customers The bargaining power of customers of ComfortDelGro offers a low threat level to ComfortDelGro. The transport sector depicts different unique characteristics, unlike other industries. In this sector, the customers have little bargaining power on the services offered. This is because the industry does not give the customers the freedom to a choice from a variety (Blythe, 2009). People have little freedom on the transport options to use because they are mostly dictated by the various factors such as speed, time, convenience and many others. Thus, it is clear that the customers of ComfortDelGro have little bargaining power due to the nature of the industry. Threat of New Entrants There is medium threat level from the possible business entrants. An analysis of the market area of operation for ComfortDelGro reveals that there are few chances of new entrants coming into the market. The fact is true because of the nature of the industry in Singapore and other countries. The infrastructure and the demographic size does not promote many players in the sector. These scenarios in the transport sector make ComfortDelGro enjoy a bigger market share and also have an influence on the happenings in the industry. The intensity of the Competitive Rivalry in the Market The intensity of the competitive rivalry in the market offers a medium threat level to ComfortDelGro. The general transport sector in Singapore faces competition just like other areas. However, competition in the industry is different. The competition model allows different players to bid for certain routes of operation in the country. Some of the market competitors to ComfortDelGro who deal in general public transport include The AZ Logistic, The Prestige Company and DB Schenker Croatia among many others. Given the nature of the transport industry, where it operates in a duopoly line, these competitors have little competitive power forces on the operation of ComfortDelGro. The Threat of Substitute Products There are few substitutes for the services offered by ComfortDelGro. Many customers do not have the freedom to access the replacement services due to factors such as cost and convenience, thus, the threat is low. For example, some of the substitutes of ComfortDelGro's services is acquiring one's car. This is not easy for most people due to its price (Perkmann Spicer, 2010). Another substitute can be riding a bike, which is not convenient for many people. Therefore, these factors have significantly reduced the threat level of substitutes in the market. Management Recommendations to ComfortDelGro Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurial Culture Currently, the business environment in the transport industry is changing. This means that the ways that have been used will reduce their effectiveness over time. This necessitates the coming up of new ways of doing things (Booker, Bontis Serenko, 2008). Creativity entails coming up with new ways to do things in the organization. It presents a chance for business to adopt innovative ideas which are critical for the better functioning of business enterprises (Boumans Davis, 2010). It is recommended that ComfortDelGro takes creativity and innovation in its activities. The company should always seek for creative and innovative ways and design a good implementation strategy of these innovative ways. Creativity and innovation are important and is likely to give the company a competitive advantage over other players in the industry (Cameron, 2014). The best .way for the organization to adopt creativity and innovation is through integration into the organizational culture. Therefore, ComfortDelGro should integrate the innovative culture into the corporate culture. Adoption of sustainable strategies in business It is recommended that ComfortDelGro adopts sustainable ways in business. Currently, one of the world's concern is global warming. This is one of the sustainable ways that ComfortDelGro should give attention to these issues. People are now making efforts to adopt a lifestyle that has little effect on the environment (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). Thus, it is essential for ComfortDelGro to consider adoption of eco-friendly in business. Some of the environment-friendly approaches for ComfortDelGro as a player in the transport industry include the approval of vehicles which are eco-friendly and causes little pollution. This will increase the sustainability of the business. Therefore, when ComfortDelGro concentrates on the use of to friendly approaches, the company will increase its profit and business longevity. Risk Management Strategies Managing risk is important for the success of every business organization. Companies must come up with strategies to reduce risks in business. Implementing the innovative ideas into ComfortDelGro will call for a robust risk management system that will reduce chances of failure. Therefore, it is important that ComfortDelGro comes up with robust ways to manage risks in this business organization. Strong marketing strategies The success of business organizations lies in the effectiveness of their marketing strategies. ComfortDelGro should embrace STP marketing strategies for its success. The embrace market segmentation, Targeting and positioning of its transport services (John, Katherine Jocz, 2012). This is a critical aspect that will increase the customer satisfaction because it will help the organization to deliver as per the client requirements. Thus, it is recommended that ComfortDelGro adopts these best marketing strategies in its operation. These ways are ways will help the company increase its customer base, make more profit and also increase its business sustainability. Conclusion In conclusion, various factors within the operating environment affects the running of ComfortDelGro. PESTEL analysis revealed that the organization is affected by some political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. Some of these factors affect the business positively while others negatively. However, ComfortDelGro seems to be favored by most of these factors in its operation. Also, Porter's Five Forces analysis of ComfortDelGro unveiled important information. It made it clear that ComfortDelGro has a higher bargaining power over its suppliers, there are little possibilities for the new entrants to enter the market and that the customers of ComfortDelGro have little bargaining power. Besides, the analysis revealed that the competition of ComfortDelGro in the industry is moderate and also that there is little possibility of entrance of a substitute product in the market due to its nature. The understanding of the business environment is critical to the success of the ComfortDelGro. It provides vital information which can be used by the management to take the important direction that will help the business to grow. ComfortDelGro has potential to grow to another level with efficient administration and decision-making system. Additionally, it recommended that the organization incorporates creativity and innovation in its business, or gain competitive advantage. Besides, the company should employ sustainable approaches in business, manage the risks and adopt robust marketing strategies. These factors are critical for the success of ComfortDelGro. References Adam S., Wim, N. Micheline, G. (2011). Entrepreneurship, Innovations and Economic Development. Oxford University Press, ISBN No. 978- 92-808-3093-4 Blythe, J. (2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. London: Sage Publications. ISBN978-1-84787-498-6. Booker L., Bontis N., Serenko A. (2008). "The Relevance of the Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital Research." Knowledge and Process Management. 15 (4): 235-246 Boumans, M. Davis, B. (2010).Economic Methodology: Understanding Economics as a science, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 129-133 Cameron, B. (2014). Management. Strategic Leadership Review, pp. 22-27. Channel News Asia (2009). Drop in the public transport share in Singapore: transport survey. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1013808/1/.html (accessed on Sept 20, 2017) ComfortDelGro Corporation Limited. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.comfortdelgro.com.sg/ Friday, O. (September 2007). The Value of the Creativity and Innovation in Entrepreneurship. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, Volume III, Issue 2. Gilsoo, C. (2010). "Smart Clothing Technology and the Applications: Human Factors and Ergonomics," CRC Pres, United States of America Grant, K., Hackney, R., Edgar, D. (2010). Strategic Information Systems Management. Thomas Rennie John A., Katherine E. Jocz (2012). All Business is Local: Why Place Matters More than Ever in a Global, Virtual World. Penguin. Land Transport Authority (2014).What We Do. https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/about-lta/what-we-do.html (accessed Sept 19, 2017) Mankiw, N. Taylor, M. (2011). Economics (2nd ed., revised ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning. OECD (2010). Total unemployment rates as a percentage of total labour force. OECD Fact book 2010, OECD Publishing. Osterwalder, A. Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, the game changers, and challenges. New Jersey: John Wiley. Parmar, K. (2014). The IOU Project. In MA Gardetti ME Girn (Eds.), the Sustainable luxury and social entrepreneurship - stories from the pioneers. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing. Perkmann, M. Spicer, A. (2010). What are business, models? Developing a theory of the performative representations. In: Nelson Phillips, Graham Sewell, Dorothy Griffiths (eds.) Technology and Organization: Essays in Honour of Joan Woodward. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 29, 265275. Sapuan, M. (2007). Managing Singapores Land Needs. Ethos. UNESCO-UIS (2010). UIS Statistics in Brief: Singapore.

Narrative Report for Ojt free essay sample

Sky Cable sell their products such as SkyCable, SkyBroadband, SkyVoice, IWantV and among others and they are also a service provider of cable television, broadband internet, VoIP, digital cable and many more. Historical Background Since it started community antenna television system operation in the Philippines on January 26, 1992, SkyCable provides cable Internet, VoIP services and digital cable TV service. On June 6, 1990, SkyCable Corporation was incorporated via 79. 3% stake in Sky Vision Corporation, operator of cable brands, SkyCable and Sun Cable. On April 18, 1991, Sky Vision Corporation was incorporated and ventures into cable television (SkyCable and Sun Cable), communication, system, television media, shopping network. It is owned 18. 8% by  ABS-CBN Corporation  and 78% by Lopez Inc. On March 30, 1995, Central CATV Inc. was granted a 25-year provisional franchise to establish, construct, maintain and operated community antenna television system in the Philippines through Republic Act 7969. In 1997, Sky Vision Corporation acquired 47% of Pilipino Cable Corp. , operator of Sun Cable for P900 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Report for Ojt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1997, SkyCable launches its first cable TV branded credit card in the Philippines, the SkyCard Mastercard with SolidBank and the SkyCard-Citibank Mastercard with  Citibank N. A. In 2001, Benpress Holdings Inc. and  Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company  signed a master consolidation agreement for SkyCable Corporation to consolidate its interest. In July 2001, Unilink Communications Corp. operator of Home Cable, Philippines second largest cable TV company, merged its CATV operation to SkyCable and created Beyond Cable Inc. with an enterprise value of P14. 5 billion. Beyond Cable Inc. ontrols 66. 5% through Benpress Holdings Corp. and 33. 5% through  MediaQuest Holdings, Inc. On December 7, 2001, Beyond Cable Holdings Inc. was incorporated. In May 2011, Singaporean firm  STT Communications Pte. Ltd. acquired 40 percent of SkyCable through Philippine Depositary Receipts worth P3. 612 billion and P250 million of convertible notes to fund the expansion of SkyCableâ€℠¢s broadband Internet and cable TV services. Vision Sky Cable will provide the best for their families by: 1. Being the national leader in video, voice and data. 2. Being recognized for outstanding customer service. 3. Being an employer of choice. 4. Becoming a publicly listed, employee-owned company. Mission Enriching and uplifting the lives of Filipino families through communication, education and entertainment. Values C – A – R – O – T + I * Customer Focus * Accountability * Results Orientation * Ownership * Teamwork * Integrity Customer Focus Their business exists because of their customers. They know their customers, internal or external, their needs and wants, and how these can be met and satisfied. They review performance based on how best they have met their customers’ requirements. Accountability They understand their roles and responsibilities as individuals and members of a team. They have performance objectives and expectations in the attainment of company goals. Management ensures that everyone takes accountability for daily decisions and actions to meet expected results. Results Orientation They commit to deliver results. They ensure that proper processes are done without losing sight of results expected of them. Management recognizes efforts and rewards achievement when company performance goals are exceeded. Ownership They know their company, its products, services, its systems, its vision and values. They share the company’s successes and shortfalls. They value initiatives. They strive for excellence because they owe it to theirselves and to the company. They do not settle for being average; they go the â€Å"extra mile†. Teamwork They understand and accept individualities and the value of each person’s effort and contribution. They work as a team because they believe that much more can be accomplished by working together. They trust and openly communicate with each other. They are willing to share responsibilities. They are Team SkyCable. Integrity They perform their jobs with deep sense of honesty, transparency and integrity. They are consistent with their word (â€Å"walk the talk†) and adhere to the highest ethical standards and professional conduct. They comply with established rules and regulations. They do not lie, steal or cheat for personal gains. - ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Sky Cable Central (Main) Organizational Structure MARKETING SALES FRONTLINE PROGRAMMING OPERATIONS RESEARCH amp; PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ITamp;T amp; ABS FINANCE HROD amp; Admin OFFICE OF THE COO OPERATIONS SUPPORT Pilipino Cable Corporation – Sky Cable Tagum Organizational Structure OIC amp; OM Area Ancillary amp; Prod Manager INTERN Managing Director Area Director IT Officer CSR Area HR Manager Area Finance amp; Accounting Manager Area Engineering Manager - FUNCTION OF THE OFFICE ASSIGNED Budget Functions Finance, together with the Administrator,  plans, directs and coordinates the formulation, preparation, execution, review and analysis of the county’s operating budget and operating program. It also monitors budget appropriations and actual expenditures to ensure compliance with the law. The Finance Director and other administration officials inform the BOC on budgetary and long-range planning matters. The finance  department works very closely with all department heads and elected officials and gathers information to create and maintain the annual budget. Accounting Functions To provide financial reporting, bank reconciliations, transactional journal entries, adjusting journal entries, ancillary schedules and record keeping, fixed asset management, substantive balance sheet analysis, audit preparation including auditor required schedules and analysis, grant compliance and reporting, compliance with all areas of generally accepted accounting principles and their governing bodies. Accounts Payable Functions Records and makes payment of expenditures for each department and each fund within the County . The accounts payable area maintains a system of accounts to  Ã‚  accumulate,  classify, and report on the financial activities of the Countys various  funds and departments. The system provides for the proper accounting of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenditures which facilitates the preparation of financial reports to be submitted to the Board of Commissioners as well as the federal amp; state governments. Revenue Functions Review all sources of revenue to ensure timely receipt. Revenue is responsible for producing invoices for county receivables, coordinating the deposit of cash receipts, identifying and accounting for all funds received, auditing of customer invoices to ensure revenue is billed, monitor key data as it moves through processes and systems to ensure integrity in reported results, identify opportunities for improving billing and/or possible disconnection of services, work with multiple departments to resolve issues. The revenue department is also responsible for meter reading, billing, and accounts receivable for the water department. EMS  billing is also monitored by the Revenue Coordinator. - OBSERVATIONS, COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Observations and Comments As to their hospitality, no problem with it because their employees are very humble with regards to their co-employees and also to us interns especially to their customers. As to their system of accounting, it is not well organized enough and there are some of the accounts that are usually misplaced and are missing. With regards to workplace, their office is very limited in space, sometimes or most of the times their office is messy because their office is newly transferred, and is not comfortable for the employees. They are also lack of office equipments/supplies that lead to inconvenience of work. They are also good in dealing with other people through their customer service sector. They are also treating us interns as their regular employees. As to our supervisor, she directs us before she will give tasks to us, but the problem is, her instructions are not so clear enough to understand that’s why we keep on asking her on what to do. In conclusion, I observed that their company is well good. Recommendations Based on my observations, I recommend that if there are transactions that really need to be private, they should keep it because it is not good to hear people that are talking personal transactions in the public. With regards to their accounting system, they should keep all the records of transactions in one account or system that monitors all the accounts to avoid account lost. They should also have a complete set of office supplies such as computer units, chairs and tables for the convenience of their employees. As to our supervisor, she should give ask us if we understand well her instructions before she will give us tasks to do to avoid hesitation and repeating of jobs. - WORK EXPERIENCE WITH H. T. E Sky Cable is the most popular company in terms of cable TVs and this institution gave me a lot of education with regards to accounting applications and customer relation processes. Accounting theories compare to real life situation in accounting is very far enough. Our supervisor, Ma’am Felomina J. Diana, an accounting staff of sky cable corporation taught us very well the processes of accounting in a more convenient way just like locating accounts using MS Excel and preparing checks for payment to suppliers and any bills, constructing acknowledgment form and mostly, preparing bank reconciliation of their company. She trusts us very well because unlike in the banks, she let us see and hold their accounts and transactions. If she feels that we are hungry, she buys snacks for us. Sometimes or most of the times she stopped on what she does just only chitchatting with us. She’s very friendly, approachable, and a good teacher. This is the best of our supervisor. This is the best of Sky.

10 Chlorine Facts (Cl or Atomic Number 17)

10 Chlorine Facts (Cl or Atomic Number 17) Chlorine (element symbol Cl) is an element you encounter every day and need in order to live.  Chlorine is atomic number 17 with element symbol Cl. Fast Facts: Chlorine Symbol: ClAtomic Number: 17Appearance: Greenish-yellow gasAtomic Weight: 35.45Group: Group 17 (Halogen)Period: Period 3Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2  3p5Discovery: Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774) Chlorine Facts Chlorine belongs to the halogen element group. It is the second lightest halogen, after fluorine. Like other halogens, its an extremely reactive element that readily forms the -1 anion. Because of its high reactivity, chlorine is found in compounds. Free chlorine is rare but exists as a dense, diatomic gas.Although chlorine compounds have been used by man since ancient times, pure chlorine was not produced (on purpose) until 1774 when Carl Wilhelm Scheele reacted magnesium dioxide with spiritus salis (now known as hydrochloric acid) to form chlorine gas. Scheele did not recognize this gas as a new element, instead believing it to contain oxygen. It wasnt until 1811 that Sir Humphry Davy determined the gas was, in fact, a previously unidentified element. Davy gave chlorine its name.Pure chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas or liquid with a distinctive odor (like chlorine bleach). The element name comes from its color. The Greek word chloros means greenish-yellow.Chlorine is the 3rd most abundant element in the ocean (about 1.9% by mass) and 21st most abundant element in the Earths crust. There is so much chlorine in the Earths oceans that it would weigh 5x more than our present atmosphere if it were somehow suddenly released as a gas.Chlorine is essential for living organisms. In the human body, its found as the chloride ion, where it regulates osmotic pressure and pH and aids digestion in the stomach. The element is usually obtained by eating salt, which is sodium chloride (NaCl). While its needed for survival, pure chlorine is extremely toxic. The gas irritates the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. Exposure to 1 part per thousand in air may cause death. Since many household chemicals contain chlorine compounds, its risky to mix them because toxic gases may be released. In particular, its important to avoid mixing chlorine bleach with vinegar, ammonia, alcohol, or acetone.Because chlorine gas is toxic and because its heavier than air, it was used as a chemical weapon. The first use was in 1915 by the Germans in World War I. Later, the gas was also used by the West ern Allies. The effectiveness of the gas was limited because its strong odor and distinctive color alerted troops to its presence. Soldiers could protect themselves from the gas by seeking higher ground and breathing through damp cloth since chlorine dissolves in water. Pure chlorine is obtained primarily by electrolysis of saltwater. Chlorine is used to make drinking water safe, for bleaching, disinfection, textile processing, and to make numerous compounds. The compounds include chlorates, chloroform, synthetic rubber, carbon tetrachloride, and polyvinyl chloride. Chlorine compounds are used in medicines, plastics, antiseptics, insecticides, food, paint, solvents, and many other products. While chlorine is still used in refrigerants, the number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the environment has dramatically declined. These compounds are believed to have contributed significantly to the destruction of the ozone layer.Natural chlorine consists of two stable isotopes: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. Chlorine-35 accounts for 76% of the natural abundance of the element, with chlorine-37 making up the other 24% of the element. Numerous radioactive isotopes of chlorine have been produced.The first chain reaction to be discovered was a chemical reaction involving chlorine, not a nuclear reaction, as you might expect. In 1913, Max Bodenstein observed a mixture of chlorine gas and hydrogen gas exploded upon exposure to light. Walther Nernst explained the chain reaction mechanism for this phenomenon in 1918. Chlorine is made in stars via the oxygen-burning and silicon-burning processes. Sources Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family. Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915Winder, Chris (2001). The Toxicology of Chlorine. Environmental Research. 85 (2): 105–14. doi:10.1006/enrs.2000.4110

How Smoke Machines Work - All Kinds

How Smoke Machines Work - All Kinds Smoke, fog, haze, and mist machines create some exciting special effects. Have you ever wondered what makes the smoke? Have you ever wanted to create the effect yourself? If so, you are in luck, as we will reveal these mysteries. However, we will warn you that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing! If used incorrectly, the equipment and chemicals used to generate simulated smoke can be dangerous (toxic, burn hazard, asphyxiation hazard, fire hazard, etc.). Also, all types of smoke generators will trigger smoke alarms. Im telling you how the effects are created, not advising you to make your own smoke. If you are a serious do-it-yourself type, read the article and then please follow the links I have provided to the right of this article, which include specific instructions and warnings from professionals and experienced amateurs.   Dry Ice and Water Make Smoke (Fog Really) Aside from using a smoke machine, this method is the simplest for most people, both in practice and obtaining materials. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. You can make a dense fog by adding dry ice to hot water or steam. The carbon dioxide is vaporized, making a fog, and the rapid cooling of the surrounding air condenses water vapor in the air, adding to the effect. Important Points Dry ice fog sinks to the floor.Water temperature affects the characteristics of the fog. Hotter water or steam vaporizes the carbon dioxide more quickly, yielding lots of fog and using up the dry ice more quickly, too. If fresh hot water or steam isnt added, the remaining water will cool quickly.An easy smoke machine can be made using a styrofoam cooler. Simply add hot water and dry ice. Machines that use dry ice work by continually heating water, to keep the fog flowing. Simple machines are also available to make dry ice or to solidify air.Dry ice is cold enough to cause frostbite - use protective gloves when handling it.Remember that use of dry ice increases the level of carbon dioxide in the air where it is used. This can present a respiratory hazard low to ground (or downstairs, if applicable), in enclosed spaces, or with large quantities of dry ice. Liquid Nitrogen Makes Real Water  Fog One of the big advantages of liquid nitrogen is that nothing extra is needed to produce fog.  Liquid nitrogen works  by evaporating and by cooling the air, causing water to condense. Nitrogen is the primary component of air and is non-toxic. Important Points Nitrogen fog  sinks to the ground.Smoke can be made by either letting the nitrogen off-gas naturally or by using a fan to blow the smoke where it is wanted.Liquid nitrogen  presents a serious hazard to the user.  Although dry ice  can give you frostbite, liquid nitrogen is cold enough to cause considerable tissue damage and death. Do not use nitrogen unless you have had the  proper cryogenics training. Never use liquid nitrogen in a situation where other people can access the nitrogen source.As the nitrogen concentration increases, the oxygen concentration in a room decreases, presenting a potential asphyxiation hazard. Atomized Glycol Smoke Machines Most smoke machines use water with a glycol mixture to produce special effects.  Many commercial smoke machines use fog juice that consists of glycols, glycerine, and/or mineral oil, with varying amounts of distilled water. The glycols are heated and forced into the atmosphere under pressure to create a fog or haze. There are a variety of mixtures that may be used. See the reference bar to the right of this article for  Material Safety Data Sheets  on some example types. Some homemade recipes for fog juice are: 15%-35% food grade glycerine to 1 quart distilled water125 ml glycerine to 1 liter distilled water(glycerine creates a haze at concentrations of 15% or less and more of a fog or smoke at concentrations higher than 15%)Unscented mineral oil (baby oil), with or without water(we cant vouch for the safety of using mineral oil for fog juice)10% distilled water: 90% propylene glycol (dense fog)40% distilled water: 60% propylene glycol (quick dissipating)60% water: 40% propylene glycol (very quick dissipation)30% distilled water: 35% dipropylene glycol: 35% triethylene glycol (long-lasting fog)30% distilled water: 70% dipropylene glycol (dense fog) The resulting smoke should not smell burnt. If it does, likely causes are too high of an operating temperature or too much glycerine/glycol/mineral oil in the mixture. The lower the percentage of organic, the less expensive the fog juice, but the fog will be lighter and will not last as long. Distilled water is only necessary if a heat exchanger or other tubing is used in the system. Using a homemade fog mixture in a commercial machine will almost certainly void the warranty, possibly damage the machine, and possibly pose a fire and/or health hazard. Important Points This type of fog is heated and will rise or disperse at a higher level than dry ice or  liquid nitrogen fog. Coolers can be used if low-lying fog is desired. Changing the mixture or conditions of dispersion of atomized glycols can result in many special effects that are difficult to achieve with other simulated smokes.Glycols can undergo heat denaturation into highly toxic substances, such as formaldehyde. This is one of the major problems with homemade smoke machines - they may operate at a temperature that is incompatible with the substances being used. Also, this is a danger with homemade fog juice used in commercial machines.Glycols, glycerine, and mineral oil can all leave an oily residue, resulting in slick or sometimes slightly sticky surfaces. Be aware of the potential safety hazards, especially since the smoke may limit visibility. Also, some people may experience skin irritation from exposure to  glycol fog.Some glycols are toxic and should not be used to create smoke.  Ethylene glycol  is poisonous. Some glycols are sold as mixtures. Medical or pharmaceutical grade non-toxic glycols  only  should be used in smoke mach ines. Do  not  use antifreeze to make a fog mixture.  The ethylene glycol types  are poisonous and  the propylene glycol types  always contain undesirable impurities. If water is used, it needs to be distilled water, since hard water deposits can damage the atomizer apparatus.Some of the chemicals that can be used for this type of smoke are flammable. Real Water Vapor  Fog In some cases, this type of simulated smoke is created by finely dispersing hot water or steam. The effect is similar to what happens when water is poured on a hot rock in a sauna. In other cases,  water vapor machines  act by condensing water vapor out of the air, such as may be seen when a freezer door is opened. Many commercial smoke machines use water vapor in some fashion. Important Points This type of smoke is best generated  in a cool room.Water vapor is non-toxic.Hot vapor will float, so chillers may be employed when a ground effect is desired.A fogger essentially makes a cloud, so water condensation on objects is possible and may present a safety concern.Water vapor, like all simulated smokes, will set off a  smoke alarm.

Design and Implementation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design and Implementation - Assignment Example Design and Implementation Between-subjects design refers to such experimental designs where the participants are exposed to any one condition from among the various conditions. However in this case, a participant cannot be allowed to go for both the conditions. In other words, between-subjects design is used for measuring the effect of a particular thing on different groups, exposing one group to the particular condition and restricting the other group from being exposed in such condition. It never exposes the same subject to different conditions for studying the changes in the outcome. The statistical term for this method is nested design. This method can be applied in the process of measuring the effectiveness of the teaching aids used in modern times. In this experiment, the participants will be grouped randomly independent of their age, gender or educational status. Two groups will be formed namely group A and group B. Group A will go through a learning session where traditional methods like books, lectures and weekly tests will be included. The other group (Group B) will be exposed to audio-visual mediums, internet and group-discussion. After a month, both these groups would seat for an exam and the results will decide which teaching method is more effective. But it should always be noted, that factors like intelligence quotient (IQ), retention capability, slow learning, age etc. plays a major role in the outcome of the test. ... Provide an example of how you could use a nested design to conduct a study on a topic of interest to you. Answer Between-subjects design refers to such experimental designs where the participants are exposed to any one condition from among the various conditions. However in this case, a participant cannot be allowed to go for both the conditions. In other words, between-subjects design is used for measuring the effect of a particular thing on different groups, exposing one group to the particular condition and restricting the other group from being exposed in such condition. It never exposes the same subject to different conditions for studying the changes in the outcome. The statistical term for this method is nested design. This method can be applied in the process of measuring the effectiveness of the teaching aids used in modern times. In this experiment, the participants will be grouped randomly independent of their age, gender or educational status. Two groups will be formed na mely group A and group B. Group A will go through a learning session where traditional methods like books, lectures and weekly tests will be included. The other group (Group B) will be exposed to audio-visual mediums, internet and group-discussion. After a month, both these groups would seat for an exam and the results will decide which teaching method is more effective. But it should always be noted, that factors like intelligence quotient (IQ), retention capability, slow learning, age etc. plays a major role in the outcome of the test. Question 3 In your own words, describe the characteristics of a within-subjects (or, repeated measures; or, crossed) design. Provide an example of how you could us a

Should the authorities control what is show in TV Essay

Should the authorities control what is show in TV - Essay Example They would say that the authorities were put in place by the majority of the population so this gives them the right to ban something they may deem offensive. This essay will present both sides of the argument and will debate the pros and cons of each. Those who argue against censorship of television would say that the state has no right to interfere with the lives of its citizens. The state regulates television programming based on commissions that it has set up in order to look into this issue. The state has a role to protect its citizens from harmful programming that may offend a significant amount of viewers. Where people disagree with state censorship of television is that one particular thing may be censored but not another. What are the guidelines and boundaries that are used to determine whether something is suitable or not for television? Who is in charge of deciding what to censor and what not to censor? Opponents of television censorship would say that they are educated en ough to make their own decisions about what is appropriate for them and their families. It should be the role of the state to provide as much television programming as possible and then the individual viewer can decide if something is okay or not. Basically, this comes down to first amendment rights—a citizen has the freedom of speech to choose what he may or may not do.

Memorandum to Karen Saunders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memorandum to Karen Saunders - Essay Example If there is too great a disparity in the costs, when weighed with the additional considerations outlined below, then we will immediately know which move to make. While capital outlay will be our driving concern, we will also consider other aspects of the site location so that we can make an informed decision based on a well-rounded analysis. Obviously, the question of transportation access will be an important consideration. The plant must be supplied and, once the product is ready, it must be distributed. The ease of access for both ends of the manufacturing process will be a key factor in our analysis. After consideration of costs and access, we will verify that we can comply with all zoning restrictions currently in place. This will include researching the previous operations of the bankrupt plant we are viewing for purchase, as well as any zoning issues related to expanding our current facility. We must confirm that our operational plan for each site is within the limits imposed by local governmental entities. Finally, we will evaluate the land use of both potential scenarios. This assessment will consider current use efficiencies, as well as any future potential for additional expansion. The land must serve our needs for today, as well as provide for our requirements tomorrow. Once these four factors are clearly understood within the context of corporate s

Neural structures: Subserving psychological function

Neural structures: Subserving psychological function This essay will evaluate what is known about the role of neural structures in subserving emotion. It was concluded that although emotion is a difficult behaviour to study scientifically, clear importance of the role of the amygdala has been found. Nonetheless, other structures and brain regions are involved in the responses to emotion, and how they interact together is an area in need of further investigation. Neural networks have been defined by Colman (2009) as a system of interconnected neurons. These systems can be either in the nervous system or in the brain. This essay will focus on the role of these neural structures in emotion. Colman (2009) defined emotion as a short-term evaluative, affective and intentional psychological state. The cognitive neuroscience of emotion has been slow to become widely recognised, as emotion is a behaviour that is difficult to study in a systematic manner. Recently however researchers have been challenging this gap in knowledge, and as a result, emotion is quickly emerging as a critical research topic (Gazzaniga, Ivry Mangun, 2009). BASIC HUMAN EMOTIONS Ekman and Friesen (1971) set out to find the basic human facial representations. From their cross-cultural work they suggested that anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness and surprise are the six basic human facial expressions that represent all emotional states. Despite there still being considerable debate about whether a single list is enough to incorporate all emotional experiences, it is generally agreed that these are the basic, universal human emotions (Gazzaniga et al., 2009); these emotions will therefore be the ones focused on later in the essay. HOW RESEARCH HAS DEVELOPED Early research into the cognitive neuroscience of emotion mainly focused on identifying the limbic system as the emotional brain (MacLean, 1949). Recently research has been focused on specific types of emotional tasks and identifying the neural systems underlying specific emotional behaviours. It is no longer thought that there is simply one neural circuit of emotion, rather that there are usually a number of different neural systems involved, dependant on the emotional situation (Gazzaniga et al., 2009). THE ROLE OF THE AMYGDALA The amygdala is a small structure in the medial temporal lobe. This structure has been a focus of research on emotional processing in the brain since Weiskrantz (1956, as cited in Gazzaniga et al., 2009) identified the amygdala as the primary medial temporal lobe structure underlying the fear related deficits in a medical condition known as KlÃÆ' ¼ver-Bucy syndrome. The amygdala receives inputs from every sensory system and is thought to be the structure where the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained (Pinel, 2008). Sergerie, Chochol and Armony (2008) carried out a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies looking at the role of the amygdala in emotional processing. Previously many functional neuroimaging studies have given solid support for an important role of the amygdala in negative emotional processing (Sergerie et al., 2008). The rationale behind this study was to address the issue of whether factors such as sex, valence and stimulus type have an effect on the magnitude and lateralization of amygdala reaction. The results confirmed that the amygdala reacts to both positive and negative emotional stimuli, particularly when participants were exposed to faces showing emotional expressions (Sergerie et al., 2008). Differences were not found in amygdala lateralization as a function of sex or valence. Strong support was also shown for a functional dissociation between the left and right amygdala in terms of temporal dynamics. The findings of this study indicate that the amygdala is involv ed in the processing of positive emotion as well as negative emotion. Following the large amount of empirical evidence showing the role of the amygdala in emotional processing, LeDoux (1996) warned that it may be tempting to conclude that the amygdala is at the centre of emotion reaction in the brain. This would be erroneous however, as there are clearly other structures involved in emotional processing. For the role of the neural system in emotion to be fully understood, further research is needed into the other structures involved. THE ROLE OF THE MEDIAL FRONTAL LOBES Recently, functional brain imaging studies have shown evidence of activity within the medial frontal lobes whilst emotions are being both cognitively suppressed or re-evaluated (Quirk Beer, 2006). The latest studies of medial prefrontal lobe activity have used suppression paradigms (where participants are told to suppress their emotional reactions to unpleasant images) or reappraisal paradigms (where participants are asked to try to reinterpret an image to adjust their emotional reaction to it) (Quirk Beer, 2006). The medial frontal lobes have been found to be active when both of these paradigms have been studied, and it seems that they interact with the amygdala to exert their cognitive control of emotion (Holland and Gallagher, 2004). These studies show that the medial frontal lobes have a role in the processing of emotion; further investigation is required in this area to reveal exactly what role this structure plays and how it interacts with other structures in the brain. THE REGULATION OF EMOTION Mak, Hu, Zhang, Xiao and Lee (2009) investigated the regulation of emotion through functional magnetic resonance imaging. The study identified neural correlates of the regulation of positive or negative emotion. The study of the regulation of emotion is important, as dysregulation of emotion is associated with the inability to modulate intense emotions that may worsen affective disorders (Mak et al., 2009). Whilst either viewing emotional pictures or regulating their emotions induced by these pictures, participants brain activities were monitored (Mak et al., 2009). The neuroimaging findings showed that the left superior and lateral frontal regions were common neural correlates of regulation for both emotions. The prefrontal regions and the left insula were found to be associated with regulation of positive emotion, while activity in the left orbitofrontal gyrus, the left superior frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulated gyrus appear to be associated with regulation of negative emot ion. In conclusion, Mak et al. (2009) suggested that there are both shared and specific neuro-cognitive mechanisms involved in the regulation of positive and negative emotions. If knowledge was to be enhanced into the neural mechanism behind emotion regulation, the understanding of the complex interaction between emotion and basic human behaviours could be improved. Through understanding the neural mechanisms behind emotion regulation, helpful insights could be provided into the biological basis of mental health (Mak et al., 2009). THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Several studies into the neural mechanisms of emotion have focused on individual differences. One of these studies, by Adolphs et al. (1999) tested how well nine neuropsychological patients with bilateral amygdala damage could identify emotion in facial expressions. As previously reported, the group as a whole was found to have problems identifying the emotion of fear (Adolphs et al., 1999). There were however, individual differences amongst the patients; some had difficulty identifying other negative emotions whereas two of the patients had no problem identifying emotions in facial expressions at all. Adolphà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s et al. (1999) said that remarkably these latter two patients had total bilateral amygdala lesions as revealed by structural MRIà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s. Canli, Sivers, Whitfield, Gotlib and Gabrieli (2002) used functional MRIs to look at the differences between the reactions of healthy participants who scored high in extraversion (who tend to have positive emotional reactions) and those who scored high on neuroticism (who have a tendency towards negative emotional reactions). It was found that all of the participants showed increased activity within the amygdala when viewing images of fearful faces, however only extraverts showed increased amygdala activity from viewing images of happy faces (Canli et al., 2002). These two studies indicate that individual differences affect the roles of neural structures in relation to emotion (Adolphs et al., 1999; Canli et al., 2002). This suggests that neural structures may play varying roles in experiencing emotion depending on the person, meaning that research into the roles of neural structures needs to consider differences between individuals for their findings to be relevant. A case study into one individual may show certain roles of a neural structure in emotional processing, however in another person this role may be slightly different. NEURAL NETWORK MODELLING OF SPECIFIC EMOTIONS Previously, the majority of the research into the neural network modelling of emotion has differentiated positive versus negative affect. Recently however, neural network modelling of specific emotions is beginning to emerge (Levine, 2006). The emotions mainly focused on in this research are the ones that were distinguished by Ekman and Friesen (1971), as mentioned earlier. THE NEURAL BASIS OF ANGER Blair, Morris, Frith, Perrett and Dolan (1999) carried out a study into the neural basis of anger. To do this they exposed subjects to either neutral or increasingly angry facial expressions while analyzing the areas of brain activation associated with the gradient of the intensity of anger. Blair et al. (1999) found the right orbitofrontal cortex became increasingly active when subjects were exposed to increasingly angry faces. These results suggest that the orbitofrontal cortex plays a role in explicit emotional labelling of angry faces. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex was further demonstrated by Sander et al. (2005). Participants were presented with meaningless phrases spoken with neutral prosody in one ear, and with angry prosody in the other. Participants were told to either attend to one ear or the other. It was found that activity in the right amygdala and superior temporal sulcus was changed independent of attention. Alternatively, the orbitofrontal cortex was only activated when the angry prosody had been attended to. This finding implies further that the orbitofrontal cortex is important for the explicit processing of anger. What now should be investigated is whether, and to what extent, individual differences have an effect; this could potentially help people who have problems with their anger by identifying the differences so that a solution can be found. THE NEURAL BASIS OF SADNESS Using the same paradigm, Blair et al. (1999) also investigated the neural basis of sadness. They found both the left amygdala and the right temporal lobe demonstrated activity linked with the intensity of sad expressions. These findings have however been contradicted by other recent studies. Adolphs and Tranel (2004) used a more sensitive approach, which involved the participants rating the intensity of an emotion rather than labelling it. They found that damage in the right amygdala caused a greater deficit in identifying sad faces when compared to damage to the left amygdala. Adolphs and Tranel (2004) believed that this difference in conclusions may have been due to the more insightful approach. There has not been much agreement for the neural basis of sadness, therefore this is an area of emotion which requires further research so that the roles of neural structures can be clarified. THE NEURAL BASIS OF FEAR Fear conditioning has become the preferred method of investigating fear as the source of fear is unambiguous and the development of the fear response can be systematically investigated (Pinel, 2008). Romanski and LeDoux (1992) studied the neural mechanisms of auditory fear conditioning by creating lesions in the auditory pathways of rats. It was found that bilateral lesions of the medial geniculate nucleus blocked fear conditioning to a tone; bilateral lesions of the auditory cortex however did not. The findings suggest that signals created by the tone only have to be able to reach the medial geniculate nucleus, not the auditory cortex, for auditory fear conditioning to occur. This also indicates that a pathway plays a crucial role in fear conditioning, going from the medial geniculate cortex to a structure other than the auditory cortex; this structure was proved to be the amygdala (Romanski LeDoux, 1992). They then found that lesions in the amygdala also blocked fear conditioning. Romanski and LeDoux (1992) argued that just because auditory cortex lesions do not disrupt fear conditioning does not mean that this structure is not involved in auditory fear conditioning. This is because there are two pathways from the medial geniculate nucleus to the amygdala. These are the auditory thalamus, and the auditory cortex; the indirect one, capable of mediating fear conditioning to more complex sounds (Jarrell et al., 1987, as cited in Pinel, 2008). Similarly, Armony et al. (1997) proposed a brain-based neural network model of auditory fear conditioning. Included are parallel cortical and subcortical pathways, reaching the primary emotional processing areas of the amygdala, as also shown by LeDoux (1996). It has been found that the subcortical pathway is quicker than the cortical, however the cortex performs more precise discrimination than the thalamus pathway. This finding suggests that the two pathways are involved in performing complementary functions; the subcortical pathway is vital in the presence of potentially dangerous stimuli where a fast response is crucial, and the cortical pathway is more useful where more detailed evaluations of stimuli are needed (Armony et al., 1997). Studies into fear have continually identified the amygdala as the main brain structure involved in the acquisition, storage and expression of conditioned fear (Armony et al., 1995;1997, Romanski LeDoux, 1992), therefore the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning is a widely accepted and stable notion. THE NEURAL BASIS OF SURPRISE Not many studies have investigated the emotion of surprise, however it is believed that surprise has important survival value, and therefore must be accessed early in the course of sensory processing (Plutchik Kellerman, 1986). To enable this, direct inputs to the amygdala from primary pathways provide this access, modulated by the swift habituation of sensory evoked responses in the amygdala. Because of this rapid action, surprise tends to be a short lived emotion, which leads on to another emotional state (Plutchik Kellerman, 1986); potentially making surprise a difficult emotion to study. THE NEURAL BASIS OF DISGUST Generally throughout the study of the neural basis of disgust, there has been a broad consensus that at least one area, the anterior insula, is crucial for both the detection and feeling of disgust (Philips et al., 1998). Based on imaging studies, this conclusion is in line with a study on a patient with insula damage whom is incapable of detecting disgust within varying modalities (Calder, Keane, Manes, Antoun, Young, 2000). Wicker, Keysers, Plailly, Royet, Gallese and Rizzolatti (2003) supported these findings, and went even further by analysing neural responses while watching others experience disgust, and firsthand experience of disgust. It was observed that in both these conditions the same part of the anterior insula was activated. These findings suggest that maybe understanding the emotions of others could require stimulation, and mildly experiencing, the emotions ourselves. This also implies a potential role of emotion in empathy (Gazzaniga et al., 2009). These findings by Philips et al. (1998), Calder et al. (2000) and Wicker et al. (2003) provide evidence that the insula is a neural correlate of experiencing disgust directly. The study by Wicker et al. (2003) also shows that the insula is essential in identification of disgust in others. Therefore, this indicates that the insula plays a role in the emotion of disgust, however the importance of this role is unknown. NEURAL CORRELATES OF HAPPINESS, SADNESS AND DISGUST An investigation into the neuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness and disgust was carried out by Lane, Reiman, Ahern, Schwartz and Davidson (1997). They used positron emission tomography to measure regional brain activity during exposure to happiness, sadness and disgust induced by film and recall. They found that happiness, sadness and disgust were all linked with increased activity in the thalamus and the medial frontal cortex, and also activation of anterior and posterior temporal structures, mainly when the emotions were induced by film. When sadness was recalled this linked with increased activation in the anterior insula; happiness was distinguished from sadness through greater activity around the ventral mesial frontal cortex. Lane et al. (1997) concluded that there seem to be a number of regions in the brain that are involved in emotions, with different combinations of structures concerned in feeling and identifying different emotions. This finding backs up LeDouxà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s (1996) reluctance to conclude that the amygdala is the centre of emotional reaction. EVALUATION OF METHODS Positron emission tomography (PET) is a technique often used in studies investigating co-morbidity. It provides images of brain activity, however these images are not of the brain, they are merely coloured maps giving an indication of the amount of radioactivity in the brain (Pinel, 2008). This means that it can only be estimated how much activity there is in each particular part of the brain, and therefore it is not a particularly accurate method of measuring brain activity in specific regions (Pinel, 2008). Another commonly used method of investigating brain activity in cognitive neuroscience is functional MRI (fMRI). The main strength of fMRI is that it provides both structural and functional information about the brain in one image (Posner Raichel, 1997), therefore revealing the brain function. This gives it an advantage over PET as a more precise image is produced (Pinel, 2008). Other advantages of this method over PET are that it provides a better spatial resolution, and three-dimensional images can be produced showing activity in the entire brain (Pinel, 2008). This information suggests that studies into the role of neural structures in emotion may be more reliable if the evidence comes from fMRI measurements, as a more accurate indication of which brain regions are activated at a certain time is given. CONCLUSION Through examining the literature surrounding the role of neural structures in emotion, it can be concluded that neural structures do play an important role. However, the significance of the role of neural structures in comparison to other factors, such as individual differences is still not clear. It has been proposed that neural structures have differing functions in the experience of emotion depending on the individual (Adolphs et al., 1999; Canli et al., 2002). This suggests that further research is needed in the field of individual differences to find these underlying factors, so that the function of neural structures can be more fully understood. Many challenges are faced in the study of emotion, as it is a behaviour that is difficult to define, manipulate and study with a scientific approach (Gazzaniga et al., 2009). Even so, investigation into the cognitive neuroscience of emotion has generally emphasized the importance of the role of the amygdala. The function of this structure in the response of emotion has been greatly influenced by research into animals; in both humans and other species the fact that the amygdala plays a vital role in the fear response has been demonstrated (Gazzaniga et al., 2009). The role of the amygdala is not the only structure researched in trying to identify the neural correlates involved in emotion, as recently different emotions have successfully been associated with other neural structures, including the orbitofrontal cortex in anger (Blair et al., 1999), and the insula, involved in disgust (Wicker et al., 2003). Nevertheless, an emerging change in the way the cognitive neuroscience of emotion is moving the emphasis from the study of individual neural structures to the investigation of neural systems (Gazzaniga et al., 2009). It is clear that the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and insula are vital in the processing of emotion. It is now important that in order to enable how the brain produces both normal and adaptive emotional responses to be understood, the way that these structures interact together (with each other and with other brain regions) and the effect of individual differences needs to be investigated. FURTHER READING Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B., Mangun, G. R. (2009). (See References). Gives a general overview of the neural networks involved in emotion, particularly the amygdala. Plutchik, R. Kellerman, H. (1986). (See References). Gives more in depth detail of the networks involved in specific emotions. Sergerie, K., Chochol, C., Armony, J. L. (2008). (See References). Looks at previous research into the role of the amygdala in emotional processing which gives new information regarding previously proposed models.

Meet the Miller Essay -- Canterbury Tales Essays

Meet the Miller In the "General Prologue" of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer presents his reader with a blend of unlikely yet entertaining characters that find themselves on a pilgrimage to Canterbury. Chaucer then describes the different characteristics and the outward appearances of these characters at length. He probably does so in order to bring these characters to life, giving us a more vivid understanding of what kind of people they were. The Miller is one of the most vivid characters that I have encountered in Chaucer's work for he is perfectly delineated as the man he is, without including any unnecessary detail. The Miller is described as a short and sturdy man who possesses uncanny strength. The undisputed champion of wrestling is he. He even seems hero-like at first: The millere was a stout churl for the nones; Ful byg he was of brawn, and eek of bones. That proved wel, for over al ther he cam, At wrastlynge he wolde have alwey the ram. He was short-sholdred, brood, a thikke knarre; Norton, 545-549. Although he is said to possess extraordinary strength, he is described in a derogatory manner as we read the passage. It seems that he is more of a brawl-initiator than a hero. The man wrestles for the ram, probably a prize awarded at such matches, clearly a peasant pastime. Even initially, it does not seem like we are dealing with a highly sophisticated person here. Actually, the Miller does use his head! I only hope he does so in rare instances for the author mentions that "ther was no dore that he nolde heve of harre, / or breke it at a rennyng with his heed" (Norton, 550-551). There you have it. Our hero engages in heaving doors off their hinges or breaking them down with his head. But do ... ...nded by. The Miller is, in fact, described as the scum of society, but he is necessary scum. Chaucer presents us with the facts of life, and whether we may think they are disgusting or unsuitable to be presented to us in such a blunt manner, they must be told, for they remain an undisputed piece of the Middle-English pie. Sources Abrams, M. H. and Greenblatt, Stephen. eds. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, 2000. Sumner, Laura. "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell." Smith College Studies in Modern Languages. V, No.4: Mass., 1924. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/CT-prolog-para.html,10/24/00. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/canterbury/, 10/24/00. http://www.classicnote.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/canterbury/,10/24/00. http://www.classicnote.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/canterbury/tale1.html, 10/24/00.

Free Trade and Poor Countries

Why free trade is in the interest of the world’s poorest countries Free trade has been a much discussed topic since the 1770s, when Adam Smith presented his theory on trade and absolute advantages. Most sources argue that free trade will benefit the poor nations in the long run (Anderson et al. 2011; Bussolo et al. 2011; Madely 2000; Winters et al. , 2004). How-ever, the size of the benefits will vary in terms of which trade reforms are made, who the poor are, and how they support themselves (Winters et al. 2004).The purpose of this paper is to discuss why and how free trade is in the interest of the world’s poorest countries. The essay will commence by a description of the traditional trade theories, followed by a discussion of the advantages and the im-pact free trade has on the poorest nations including different theories and findings. There are two classic elements in the definition of trade. The first is Adam Smith’s rule of ‘mutual gain’, asses sing that for two countries trading with each other both must gain.Furthermore Adam Smith argues that trade is based on ‘absolute advantages’, which means that free trade will benefit all nations, if they specialise in producing the goods in which they are most efficient. The countries will then be able to produce at a lower price and trade the surplus for goods where they are less effective. This will allocate the world’s resources in the best possible way (Dunkley 1997; Irwin 2002; Madely 2000; Smith 1776) The second element to trade is Ricardo’s (1817) argument that trade and specialisation is based on ‘comparative advantages’.If one country has the absolute advantages in all goods com-pared to another country both nations can still benefit from trading. The country with the absolute disadvantage should specialise in producing the goods in which the absolute disadvantage is small-est and then import the goods in which the absolute disadvant age is largest. In the perspective of comparative advantages, freeing up trade would give the developing countries a chance to specialise in the production of primary goods and export the surplus to the developed countries in exchange of e. g. industrial goods (Salvatore 2012).However, some sources argue that when the trading is between a poor country trading primary goods and a rich country trading industrial goods the latter will benefit the most, because the poor country will have to export more in order to import a similar amount (Madely 2000). In contrast, Samuelson (1939) argues that any kind of trade is better than no trade and Salvatore (2012) concludes that developing countries should continue trading as long as they gain. The capital they get from the trade should be used to improve their technology, which will change their comparative advantages from primary goods to more refined goods.This is supported by Winters et al. (2004) who point out that connection be-tween the l iberalisation of trade and growth have not yet been completely proven, however there is no proof that trade should be harmful to growth. Moreover, barriers of free trade are not the only factor causing poverty; wars, corruption, diseases, and natural disasters are just a few internal fac-tors that keep the poor countries in poverty (Salvatore 2012). Another argument for free trade is that it would utilise the developing countries unutilised resources, caused by the insufficient national demand, more efficient.Free trade would give productions in developing countries a chance to sell their surplus on a greater market and with this give the developing countries a vent for their surplus (Salvatore 2012). Furthermore, free trade would increase the efficiency of domestic producers in order for them to compete with foreign companies. In addition, the expanding of the market size would form a basis for division of labour and economies of scale (Salvatore 2012). Advocates of free trade argu e that free trade will maximise the world’s welfare (Bussolo et al. 2011).This is supported by the theory of imposing tariffs in small and large countries (Salvatore 2012). A small country is defined as a country where changes in the domestic market would not affect the international market price and a large country is defined as a country where changes would affect the international market prices (Salvatore 2012). If a small country imposes import tariffs they will experience an overall loss in welfare, because of deadweight loss which is caused by inefficiency in domestic production. If a large country imposes tariffs they will xperience an improvement in welfare because they are able to affect the international market price, the producer’s surplus rise and the government’s revenue increases (Salvatore 2012). However, gains from tariffs are often only short term; when a large country imposes tariffs their trading partners probably will too. This will result in reduced traded volume, which in the long term will cause a decrease in world welfare. Madely (2000) argues that free trade, historically, has raised the welfare of many nations, however, but not for the poorest nations.He claims that free trade mostly benefits the multinational companies, because the rise of food import has forced the smaller farmers to sell their land to the larger companies. Furthermore, the multinational companies do not have any commitment or loyalty to the country in which they are active, which means that the poorest stay poor. In contrast Dollar (2005) claims, that the fast growth and reduction of poverty has been strongest in the developing countries that have included themselves in the world economy most rapidly.Furthermore, Salvatore (2012) states that trade will move new technologies, ideas, and managing skills from the developed countries to the developing countries. So even though multinational companies are taking over the small farmer’s land t hey still provide the producing country with new knowledge and tools that can help the country develop new comparative advantages. Winters et al. (2004) claim, that freeing up trade is one of the easiest ways to reduce poverty.Agricultural trade reforms would have the largest and most positive impact on poverty, because three-quarters of the world’s poorest people still hinge on farming as their main source of income (Anderson et al. 2011). Furthermore, the poor countries also often have a large number of unskilled workers, which give the poor nations a comparative advantage in exporting labour-intensive goods (Bhagwati & Srinivasan 2002). This paper determines that free trade overall would be in the interest of the poorest countries. Free trade will increase the global welfare and help the poor countries develop their comparative ad-vantages.Multinational companies’ investments in the poor countries will result in moving of tech-nology, ideas and skills. However, theo ry is not always consistent with practice, why it is important to examine the different perspectives in each case. Abolishing the world’s trade tariffs would indeed help the world’s poorest countries access a greater market to sell their goods, however, freeing up trade alone would not completely eliminate poverty; wars, diseases, corruption, and catastrophes are also strong influential factors of poverty.

English Essay Writing Outline

English Essay Writing Outline English Essay Writing Outline English Essay Writing Outline Prior to writing English essay, you need to develop strategies for thinking and questioning. Setting up comparisons, questioning propositions, checking an argument for validity are all relevant for essay writing. Here are some useful strategies for your English essay writing outline. Ultimately, you will need to devise the one you can comfortably use while writing college English essay. Strategy one: Introduction (raise an issue). Say why X, Y and Z are important. Say what your English essay discusses and what the order is in which it is structured. Set the context, generate a background, and touch on issues. Review the background literature if it is necessary for English essay writing. Make specific comparisons. Give examples. Construct an argument based on evidence (main body of an essay). Draw some conclusions if you can. Summarize if necessary and point out any important implications. Add references, bibliography, and an appendix. Strategy two: Decide on approximately ten areas you want to write about. Write an outline and introduction. Write logically from paragraph to paragraph. Search for a more appropriate structure. Try out at least 3 structures. Choose one of these and redraft an English essay. Look at the overall shape. Is there an argument? Use a checklist devised by you to see if you have considered everything you needed to consider. Add references, bibliography, and an appendix. Good Essay Topics There are many ways to write about the same essay topic. Writing an essay sometimes you are clarifying a point, sometimes analyzing the implications of the point you have just made. Below are the four common strategies for English essay writing.   You are welcome to choose any strategy: 1 Describing 2 Interpreting 3 Generalizing 4 Hypothesizing The commonest form of English essay writing and the one that is the easiest to apply is describing. Description may be essential if you have to analyze the rigorous analysis and provide insightful comment. It is rarely possible to sustain lengthy description without moving to other forms of writing, especially if it is passive, factual description of events and situations. If you are not sure whether your academic English essay writing is descriptive without being analytical, try to find propositions within the essay. If none exists, then you probably have a mere description rather than expression of a point of view. Description acts as a symbol from which the reader can easily understand the message of the English essay.   Placing an order at .com, you receive custom written English essay and free outline.   In addition, you are welcome to request free services such as editing, revision, and cover page.   We are open for mutually beneficial cooperation based on tr ust and respect.

Translating So to Spanish

Translating So to Spanish So is one of those English words that has so many meanings that it can be translated to Spanish in dozens of ways. As such, it can be a confusing word for Spanish students - as a strategy when translating so, youre often better off thinking of a synonym for the way it is used and translating that instead. This lesson looks at a few of the ways so is used and suggests possible translations. In all cases, the translations used are not the only ones possible. Translating So as an Adverb Meaning Very Most of the time when so is used as an adverb meaning very it can be translated as tan. However, muy is sometimes acceptable as well. I was so happy that I jumped in the air. Yo era tan feliz que saltà © en aire.My love for you is so strong. Es tan fuerte mi amor por ti. (Alternative: Es muy fuerte my amor por ti.)He did it so poorly. Lo hizo tan mal. (Alternative: Lo hizo muy mal.)The city is so small that once you leave downtown theres nothing else. La ciudad es tan pequeà ±a que una vez que te sales del centro, ya no hay nada.Why is it so difficult for us to be happy?  ¿Por quà © es tan difà ­cil que seamos felices?The meat was so tasty that it needed only salt. La carne era tan rica que solo necesitaba sal.   Translating So in Approximations As the context requires, various ways of expressing approximations can be used when so is used for that purpose. I need to lose 20 pounds in two months or so. Necesito perder 20 libras en dos meses ms o menos.Im going to buy myself an aquarium holding 100 liters or so. Me voy a comprar un acuario de 100 litros aproximadamente.They stole about 20,000 pesos from her. Le robaron alrededor de 20 mil pesos. Translating So When It Indicates Causation A common use of so is to indicate why something is done. Various phrases of causation or purpose can be used. Often, such sentences cant be translated word for word - whats important is to get the proper connection between the different elements of the sentence. I will give you one so you dont forget me. Te darà © uno para que no me olvides.I was afraid, so I left. Me fui por miedo.I am innocent, so I am not going to go into hiding.  No me esconderà © porque soy inocente.Evil exists so we can appreciate what is good. El mal existe para que podamos apreciar lo que es bueno.There was violence, so many children were evacuated from the city. Muchos nià ±os fueron evacuados ciudad por causa de la violencia.  You can edit your digital photo so it seems like a painting. Podrs editar tu foto digital de modo que parezca una pintura. Translating So as a Transition or Filler Often, so can be left out of sentences without much of a change in meaning. In such cases, you can simply leave it out of the translation, or you can use a filler word such as pues or bueno if leaving out a word such as that would seem too abrupt. So, where are we going? Pues  ¿adà ³nde vamos?So now comes the best time of the year. Pues ahora llega la mejor à ©poca del aà ±o.So lets begin. Bueno, vamos a empezar.So what do you know?  ¿Quà © sabes? Translating So Meaning Also Usually, tambià ©n will work fine when translating so carrying meanings such as also or in addition: Youre from Texas? So am I!  ¿Eres de Tejas?  ¡Tambià ©n yo!I slept and so did they. Yo dormà ­ y tambià ©n ellos. Translating So in Set Phrases When so is used in various phrases or idioms, you can often translate the phrases as a whole for meaning, as in the following examples: The book has recipes for shakes of fruits such as apples, oranges, strawberries, kiwis and so on. El libro tiene recetas de batidos de frutas como las manzanas, naranjas, fresas, kiwis, etcà ©tera.Hes not a citizen. So what? No es ciudadano.  ¿Y quà ©?Every so often I imagine a good future. De cuando en cuando imagino un buen futuro.These are treated just so. Estos son tratados con sumo cuidado.I am going to buy raspberries, applies, blackberries, peras, strawberries, and so on. Voy a comprar frambuesas, manzanas, moras, peras, fresas, etcà ©tera.

Tools of the Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tools of the Trade - Essay Example Since a project is a team effort, communication is a basic key to helping assure the endeavor stays on schedule. Conventional e-mail still relies on the hub and spoke method for transferring information among team members. A recent move has been made toward Digital Group Memory (DGM). This tool centralizes communication based on the objective, rather than the chronological reply method. All team members can input data, update progress, and share thoughts across the entire platform. As Jackson (2005) points out, it is a way "[...] to empowered team members who actively participate in planning and management". This shift away from centrality places greater responsibility on the team members. David Oates (2006), Vice President at Primavera Systems, points out the limitations of team communication. He contends that, "[...] while real time collaboration can cure many of the communication difficulties regularly encountered by project teams, theses tools are not sufficient for strategic assessment of projects" (p. 5).

Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577-1640) Research Paper

Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577-1640) - Research Paper Example He is declared as the most eminent Flemish painter and artist who ever existed. His contributions are not only identifiable in his paintings and artworks, but also in the works of his students, whom he gave refined training on artwork and painting. Although he learnt artwork under several reputable painters of the time, his artwork represented a refined brand, paving a new era in the European artistic field. His innovation in artwork made Antwerp the most popular destination of painting in the 17th century. He is notably credited with pioneering the Flemish Baroque style of painting (Rubens, Gilles and Chris, 7). This style involved use of exaggerated motion and color to depict movement in paintings and artwork, which easily produced the themes of drama, dance and music. His talents made him have more work than time could allow, making him amass immense wealth during his 30 years which he was involved in painting and artwork. However, the most interesting aspect of Peter Paul Rubens is that his talent grew with time and his expertise, refinement and abilities improved with time. Therefore, he maintained consistency in providing quality paintings, until he met his death in 1640. His accomplishments are notable to present day in different museums of Europe. His uniqueness is identifiable in the fact that; while most of the painters of his time specialized on one kind of painting, Peter Paul Rubens engaged in different types of paintings, all of which he perfected and generated quality works (Rubens, Gilles and Chris, 13). History painting is one of his styles, which involved the creation of biblical, historical and mythological objects. To portray the historical theme, he created paintings such as monumental historical scenes and biblical story painting representations, which resonated well with his movement and color themes that advanced visualization and movement. Religious paintings also formed a bulk of his artwork. He is credited with advancing the development of altarpiece paintings, which were religious paintings portraying a biblical theme that were placed in a flame and suspended behind the altar to pass a religious message (Logan, Peter and Michiel, 23). In creating his religious paintings, Peter Paul Rubens used the panel pai nting technique, which entails the incorporation of different painting themes in a panel that was subdivided several times, with each section of the panel possessing a different painting, but all advancing the same theme or telling the same story (Pauw-De Veen, 243). His altarpieces were either painted in front of the altar, where the priest could stand behind, or painted on a panel that was then suspended in front of the altar. Among the most popular of his religious paintings include the Descent from the Cross triptych, which was painted in the in Antwerp, Cathedral of the Lady (Pauw-De Veen, 248). Peter Paul Rubens is also an advent of the Counter-Reformation painting, which highly changed the paintings that were previously done during the renaissance and the thirteenth century (Rubens, Gilles and Chris, 18). This refers to the artwork that sought to turn back the religious paintings into more religious oriented, as opposed to the decoration oriented themes that were being advanc ed during the period. During this period, the Catholic Church perceived the Protestants as a major threat to its doctrines of faith. Therefore, they sought to enhance their religious theme through the application of artwork and paintings that reflected more religious themes. Thus, Rubens, being the most eminent painter of his time, was hired to revolutionize the renaissance painting into the counter-reformation artwork and paint

English Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Public Law - Essay Example Functioning on seven major parts, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, hereafter known as TFEU has in a number of ways that are bound on all seven parts been incorporated into the United Kingdom legal system. This has been done using different methods and each of these methods has had its own influence on the United Kingdom legal system. A typical example of one of these methods is the use of conditional clauses as spelt out in Article 49 of the TEU that expect member States of the European Union to abide by given statutes; a breach of which makes them ineligible to be members (quote). As members are expected to unconditionally respect the values set in Article 2 as a condition of retaining their membership, the United Kingdom is somewhat forced by obligation to incorporate basic requirements of Article 2 such as respect for human rights into its legal system. Some commentators have said that even though United Kingdom has before the existence of the TFEU made credibl e strives to be respected as one of the nations of the world that has respect for human respects and human dignity, there are certainly independent ways that the country would have wanted to approach the subject of respect for human rights if the TFEU and for that matter the European Communities Act had not come in force (quote). Apart from conditions of inclusion in the European Union, Article 7 of the TEU, which deals with sanctions for breaches, is another consolidating method for ensuring strict adherence to legal provisions and thus an adaption of the TFEU provisions into the United Kingdom legal system. In congruence to the need to abide by all aspects of the TFEU, the United Kingdom has made several individualized strives that are aimed at proofing to the international community, its willingness to be a supporter of the provisions of the

Civil Rights Essay Example for Free

Civil Rights Essay Although the 1960’s are usually considered the decade of greatest achievement for black civil rights, the 1940’s and 1950’s were periods of equally important gains. Asses the Validity of this statement. Equality was always a touchy subject following the civil war. Following the war, the north did not put emphasis on equality for all men. It took almost a century longer for complete equality to be achieved. Clearly these changes did not come around quickly, and it took a large group effort to bring about change. The ending results of the fight for Civil Rights that came in the 1960’s are of equal or even lesser importance to the events that enacted the change during the 1940’s and 1950’s. The 1960’s were a time of great results of the effort to establish civil rights for African Americans. In the earl sixties, movements such as the Freedom Riders were still in full effect, but the government was beginning to sway to the black side. President Kennedy brings the Civil Rights Bill to congress in 1963. It is put down by the southern democrats. As a result, Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement organize a massive political march in Washington. One of the high points of this march is Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech on the steps of the Lincoln memorial. The efforts come to fruition with the passing of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964, and Voting Rights Bill of 1965. But the Efforts made in the sixties are mere fractions of the total amount of drive from the previous decades. Civil Rights was an important issue that came up after, and during, WWII. Many Blacks wanted to serve their country in the army, but couldn’t due to military segregation. President Truman brought the Civil Rights issue to light when he established his Committee on Civil Rights. Shortly after the committee was established, the President passed a series of executive orders removing segregation in the military and in the government workforce. This was the first effort taken by the government concerning equal rights for the African Americans. These Efforts promptly continued at the turn of the decade. The Civil Rights movement really began to sink in leading up to it’s peak in  the late fifties. In 1950, a major court ruling changed the face of racial segregation involving schools. The Supreme Court case Brown v Board of Education was a shock to the US population that had Blacks all over seeing a light at the end of the tunnel. Segregation in schools was ruled a violation of the fourteenth amendment by the court. This ruling was put to the test in 1952 when nine black students attempted to enroll in a public high school. Crowds gathered in order to stop the students. Then, President Eisenhower sent in a group of troop to escort the students to school; showing that the federal government would support the court ruling. More and more Blacks decided to take a stand. In Montgomery, Alabama, Civil Rights activists staged a bus boycott. These events turned more and more people towards the cause. As time went on, activists grew more organized. The events of the 1950’s set up the success that came in the 1960’s The 1940’s and 1940’s were just as important as the 1960’s for the Civil Rights movement because, major events during this era created a sense of unity that allowed for organization in the sixties. It is important not to overlook the necessary preludes to the march on Washington. Although results are finally felt in the sixties, it could never have happened without the bravery of the previous twenty-so years.

Attitude is a Learned Behavior Essay -- Psychology Essays

Attitude is a Learned Behavior Attitude is a learned behavior that can be changed based on the individuals choice and wiliness to change. The Webster’s New World Dictionary defines attitude in three different ways; first is a bodily posture showing mood or action, second is a manner showing one’s feeling or thoughts and third is one’s disposition. In General Attitudes are the feelings and thoughts you have about yourself and how you interact with other people. Attitude plays apart of everything in society’s life, from taking your first steps, going to high school, choosing a college, getting a job and choosing a mate. If attitude makes us who we are, gives us our character, then the question I purpose to you is, can you really get an â€Å"attitude adjustment† or is our attitude defined at birth? For centuries, people have been intrigued with the question of what is human about human nature. How much of people’s characteristics and attitudes comes from â€Å"nature† (heredity, unable to change) or how much is from â€Å"nurture† (the social environment, contact with others) and the ability to change. It is for certain that physical and mental abilities are established by heredity, such as ability at sports and mathematics. As well as the color of your eyes, the size of your nose and your mother’s freckles. While such basic orientations to life, like your attitude, are the result of the environment one lives in and thus fore can be changed. So, what about the nurture side of the equation, or the environment that gives us our attitude? Culture is a system of ideas about the nature of the world and how people should behave in it that it shares—and shared uniquely—by members of a community, that continually judges ones actions, hen... ... that attitude can be changed or at least influenced by our environment. Our attitude is a learned behavior that can be changed by the individual’s choice to make that change. I agree that a person’s attitude begins with their own personal feelings, values, and beliefs, but the knowledge of the values and norms of our culture also can define who we can be or should be. After all, if a person couldn’t change their attitude, then how could they grow and learn or just simply adapt to ones environment. For some parts of life, the blueprint is drawn by heredity; but for other parts, the individual is a blank slate, and it is entirely up to the individual to change what is written on that slate. You alone can make your density great by doing on simple thing â€Å"getting an attitude adjustment†. Attitude is your life, yours affects everybody and everybody’s affects you.

Philosophy and Ethics Essay

What is Ethics? Ethics is a branch of philosophy, which is the study of what is right and wrong. Ethics is an action of feeling. If you are walking on the street and you see a homeless person, you would ask yourself questions like this: How should I act? Should I help or ignore? When making decision how to ask and listen to your feelings what is wrong or right to is called â€Å"Ethics†. There are many examples that can describe ethics, but people like to explain ethics in an easy way in which everyone can be talking and everyone can be involved in this topic, such as law. By asking questions like: Can laws be wrong? Do laws apply to every citizen in Canada? Why do we need laws? Can laws be changed? These are the kind of questions that can explain ethics. Ethics come from a Greek word â€Å"Ethos†, which means character. This tells that ethics study the action that can be good or bad. The term â€Å"ethics† is often call â€Å"morals†, which comes from a Latin word  "mores†, which means character, habit or custom. Ethics is identifying as morality in philosophy. Why ethics is important to study? Ethics is very important for human life. Ethics teach you how to act. Without ethics, our actions would be unplanned and pointless. If we want to be successful in our life we can do this in only one way and this way is learning about ethics. Everyday people are dealing with ethics and moral issue. For example, you didn’t do your homework last night what should you do should you tell your teacher the truth or should you lie say that you forgot your homework at home or do a bit of both, if your not sure what to do, then this a good chance to learned it study in class. If we study ethics deep it will help are know better for the future and will help us to be successful in life by knowing what right and wrong. What is Metaphysics? Metaphysics comes to us from Ancient Greece – meta, meaning higher – beyond earth physics or invisible physics. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy, which study what is reality. It answers the question â€Å"What is?†. American philosopher Wilfrid Sellars said that metaphysics is the study of how things hang together, and many other philosopher have called it as the first philosophy. So, metaphysics study reality, what can be meaning of life, and if we can talk about the thing that don’t exist. Why is Metaphysics important? Metaphysics is the heart of philosophy. Without a clarification or an interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with experience Metaphysics tells if the reality is absolute. It has a specific kind self-regulating of our thoughts or feelings. The world around us is real. Metaphysics is very I important to be study in class because it makes you think more and tells you what reality what should you know or believe that it true. What is Epistemology? Epistemology is the study of knowledge. It answers the question, â€Å"How do we know?† it can be concepts, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, and all things mental. It is describe how mind is related to reality, and whether these relationships are usable or unacceptable. Why is Epistemology important? Epistemology is the clarification of how we think. It is needed in order to be able to decide the true from the false. It is needed in order to use and find the knowledge of the world. Without epistemology, we could not think. We would not be able to distinguish truth from error. Epistemology is correct is the step to which we could understand reality. We all go to school to get some education which means knowledge is have knowledge you are a genius why not studying in class this discipline and learned why do we need to know things why do they help to know more. How does knowledge make our lifes easier. What is Aesthetics? Esthetics is the study of art, and beauty. It also, tells the meaning of art and the importance of art. Why is Aesthetics important? It is important to know what is Aesthetics because it is everywhere in everyday life. You see e person you will say is the person is beautiful or not, if so, what makes it beautiful. It makes you think more, and it also teach you how to judge art and beauty. What is social and Political Philosophy? Is the study of how people can regulate and organized their selves. Social philosophy talks about variety of subjects, from individual meanings to legality of laws. Political philosophy is the study of questions about the city, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law a legal code and explain how do they work. Why is Social and Political Philosophy Important? It is important to know about Social and Political Philosophy because the main point of a country that maintain regulation is politic such as law, rights, freedom every Canadian citizen should have knowledge on this topic and see how they affect people. What is the Philosophy of Science? The Philosophy of Science is the study of science and how science work and why do we need it to know it and explains what is science, it also tells if there is any science or there is just philosophy. Why Philosophy of Science is important? As we know since has changed people lifes and has make a better life for everyone, so it is important to know we came till here and what can we do for future to make it better, as we all use computers has been having a big affect in our lifes why not trying to know how it is important for us.